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Authorship Debate

Summary of Baconian Evidence for Shakespeare Authorship
From a great site devoted to Francis Bacon comes more information on the Shakespeare authorship debate. The summary of evidence to support the theory that Bacon wrote Shakespeare is good but not that extensive. But watch out for statements like this: "the nonsense word in Love's Labour's Lost, honorificabilitudinitatibus. This is a Latin anagram: hi ludi F.Baconis nati tuiti orbi, these plays born of F.Bacon are preserved for the world". In reality, the word honorificabilitudinitatibus is the dative singular conjugation of a real medieval Latin word. Dante actually used it more than once, as did other writers of the period. A translation of it would be 'the state of being able to achieve honors.'

Meet the New Bard
A thorough and well-researched article discussing the authorship debate.

Shakespeare is Secure
An essay from the PBS archive arguing that Shakespeare wrote the plays attributed to him.

Much Ado About Nothing
"Why Shakespeare was not, is not, and never will be the Earl of Oxford."

36 Plays in Search of an Author
This article explores the "abundant and conclusive" evidence Shakespeare wrote Shakespeare.

The Shakespeare Authorship Page
This comprehensive site challenges the claims made by supporters of the seventeenth Earl of Oxford.

The Conspiracy Theory
William F. Buckley, Jr. asks questions relating to the Shakespeare authorship (from the PBS archive).

The Queen's Worm
Richard Whalen answers the question "Why does it matter who wrote the plays?" in this essay from the Edward de Vere Studies Conference.

Oxford's Literary Reputation
Details on the literary career of the Earl of Oxford.

The Ever Reader
Great essays and articles about the authorship debate.

A Mock Trial to Determine the Authorship of Shakespeare's Works
A wonderful examination of the claim that Oxford wrote Shakespeare's works. The jury finally declares William Shakespeare the true author.

Uncovering Shakespeare
A lengthy transcription of a three-hour videoconference about the authorship debate - a great resource.

Shakespeare Controversy
This site explores the authorship debate and presents arguments for both sides of the issue.

The True Shakespeare
An entire online book devoted to the authorship debate. You will also find answers to questions like "is the Phaeton sonnet a poem by Shakespeare?".



General Resources

The Probert Encyclopaedia
A list of Shakespeare's characters from all the plays, and a brief description of each.

Lynch Multimedia - Shakespeare
Contemporary English adaptations of Macbeth, Hamlet, The Tempest, The Winter's Tale, and Antony and Cleopatra. Wonderful for students having trouble with the original plays.

TheaterPro.com
A magazine of the theater arts created by accomplished author, editor, and drama critic, Alice Griffin. Of particular interest to Shakespeare fans will be her section entitled "Bard on the Boards: Shakespeare versus the Director".

Shakespeare and Food
An alphabetical list of foods mentioned in Shakespeare's plays.

Quirky Shakespearean Words
A fascinating site devoted to quirky and rare words in Shakespeare's works.

Concordance to Shakespeare's Works
Are you looking for a particular word or phrase from the plays or sonnets? Click here to perform an online search.

Everything Shakespeare
This site contains the Bard's complete works, summaries of his work, essays, a biography, and more.

Early Modern Plays Presented in London
A database of playwrights, companies, and playhouses in Shakespeare's England. Find out when and where Shakespeare's plays were first performed.

Enfolded Hamlet
Enfolded Texts of the Second Quarto and First Folio, complete with a word search.

Shakespeare Quarterly
A scholarly journal looking for essays on Shakespeare. They have lists of essays on their site, but none that you can read online.

A Midsummer Night's Dream Guide
A good resource with study questions and pictures of the whole play in production. You can also get a "Midsummer Study Guide Program" for Your PC, created by Don Stoneman.

BBC Shakespeare Plays
Now you can have the best versions of all Shakespeare's plays on video. It is the number one selling video series for libraries and literature classes in England.

Star's Shakespeare
Shakespeare's plots and characters, reasons for his popularity, and many pictures.

Introduction to Hamlet
A really wonderful site on Hamlet, Shakespeare's reputation, themes in his work, his language, and much, much more.

A Short Course on Shakespeare's Hamlet
Review questions and information on the play scene by scene.

The Hamlet Site
Discusses productions of Hamlet.

Scene Designs
The Illinois Shakespeare Festival has put together a collection of drawings representing the scene design of their productions of The Tempest, Twelfth Night, and more.

Costume Designs
The Illinois Shakespeare Festival has a wonderful online a collection of costumes that they used in their productions of The Tempest, Hamlet, and other plays by Shakespeare.

Shakespeare's Will
A copy of the original will with information about the document and a video on the subject.

The Last Will and Testament of William Shakspere
"During the winter of 1616, Shakespeare summoned his lawyer Francis Collins, who a decade earlier had drawn up the indentures for the Stratford tithes transaction, to execute his last will and testament." This site is an excellent online resource.

William Shakspere of Stratford
This is a collection of the documents that we have pertaining to Shakespeare's life. See Shakespeare's life unfold in these records.

The Drama and Shakespeare
This section of a larger site "provides an introduction to the dramatic traditions that Shakespeare inherited as he began his career as playwright". Learn about early English history plays, morality plays, and Shakespeare's contemporaries.

The Secondhand Stuff Company
Artist Goldie Cser and her development team have created a clever and unique Shakespeare design that you can order on a shirt or mug.

King Lear - A History of Notable Performances
A table highlighting all the most important Shakespearean actors ever to play the role of Lear, starting with Richard Burbage's performance in 1605.

Shakespeare's Sonnets
Information on the Quarto, Shakespeare's three themes in the Sonnets, and an alphabetical word-frequency list. An excellent resource!

Shakespeare's Sonnets
Sir John Gielgud reads the sonnets of Shakespeare on this site, and it is a great resource for any actor attempting to read the Sonnets before an audience.

"You Kiss by the Book": Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet
A study guide to the play which includes a discussion of Shakespeare's poetic conventions and use of figurative language.

Julius Caesar in Modern English
A paraphrase of Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar intended to supplement the original work. Excellent for students having trouble with Shakespeare's English.

Richard III: Teacher's Guide
A great resource for teachers, with key passages from the play and study questions. A use to students as well.

A Teacher's Guide to The Taming of the Shrew
Tools to help teachers plan lectures on The Taming of the Shrew, with plot synopses and key passages for discussion.

A Teacher's Guide to Othello
"Othello has particular gifts to offer to teenagers. It is a play about passion and reason. Intense feelings are exhibited here: love, hate, jealousy, envy, even lust...studying the play gives young people a rich literary vehicle for developing their critical thinking and analytical reading skills. The closer they examine this work, the richer they find it."

A Teacher's Guide to the Signet Classic Edition of The Tempest
"In this guide we will suggest activities and discussion questions which encourage students to explore these various ideas. Since the play may be challenging to high school students, teachers will need to carefully provide students with background knowledge in order to insure that their reading and enjoyment of the play is as rich as possible."

William Shakespeare's The Tempest
Each of the four main characters in The Tempest has his or her own page where you will find essay topics and creative writing ideas. Site creator, Dawn Ford, also provides a quick commentary on the play.

The Dark Lady of the Sonnets
This is the complete text of G.B. Shaw's work, The Dark Lady of the Sonnets.

Richard Burbage
This is a short biography of the Shakespearean actor from Britannica.com.

George Buc: The Man Who Knew Shakespeare
A discussion of the Master of the Revels from 1610 to 1622, who knew Shakespeare personally.

Henry Tudor--Shape Shifter?
If your browser supports Java, do not miss your chance to rearrange Henry Tudor's face. A must!

James I
A thorough look at King James and his political and cultural objectives from Britannica.com. It includes a brief discussion of his writings.

Transformations of Shakespeare
From Rivendell's Drama Archive comes transformations of some of Shakespeare's characters. In their own words: "they utilize the text of an existing play to make an imaginative literary "leap". Many characters in Shakespearean drama are never given the chance to fully explain their motives or feelings. By carefully studying the lines of pivotal -- but enigmatic -- characters, the following transformations have been created to give a clearer insight into the characters and plays." Friar Laurence and Desdemona are two characters featured.

Shakespeare Project
An interesting site with a list of common words that Shakespeare invented. There are some pictures, but they wouldn't load on my browser.

The Heart of Mystery
"Computer analyses seem to confirm that an elegy first published more than 350 years ago was, indeed, written by William Shakespeare. Elizabeth Farnsworth discusses the bard's poem with Roger Rosenblatt and Professor Donald Foster."

Shakespeare's England
A slideshow discussing the plague and living conditions in Renaissance England.

Shakespeare Read Aloud
Hear your favourite sonnets and some of Shakespeare's plays read by Sir John Gielgud and others.

Hidden Drives Jazz & Poetry Ensemble
Minimalist jazz interpretations of Shakespeare's sonnets - fascinating!

Alphabetical List of Repeating Fixed Phrases in Shakespeare's Sonnets
This is obviously not a site for the general reader, but it is a great resource for scholars and the very curious.

Shakespeare
A bit of information on Shakespeare and the elements of drama -- all very brief and in point form.

Macbeth.com
This site provides information on the play, the Scottish monarchy, and the Elizabethan theatre. The site also contains a few essays.

Shakespeare Spinoffs
A comprehensive list of television shows, books, and movies based on the Bard's plays.

Shakespeare Spinoffs II
Shakespeare on film and television, from the Library of Congress.

Shakespeare's Audience and Audiences Today
Some brief information about the price of admission to see a play in Shakespeare's day, and about seating once inside the theatre.

Shakespeare's Othello
A good site devoted to Othello, with information on Shakespeare's sources and the general history of the play.

The Shakespeare Garden
Tips on plants and flowers to create your own beautiful Shakespeare garden

Shakespeare Alive! Teaching Materials
A collection of techniques that teachers can use to help students understand Shakespeare's major works.

Furness Collection
A collection of texts related to the major plays, including copies of the folios and quartos.

Last Lines from Twelfth Night
An illustrated version of the final lines of Twelfth Night by R.H. Albright.

Los Angeles Women's Shakespeare Company
LAWSC's 8th season includes an all-female production of Twelfth Night. "Director Lisa Wolpe casts the exotic island of Bali at the turn of the century as Shakespeare’s imaginary isle of Illyria where shipwrecked lovers and misfits collide in a confusion of gender roles and social status". Click here to view the official press release.

The Sonnets
A short course on Shakespeare's Sonnets, with commentary on the young man, the dark lady, and the theme of time.

Web Citations
An article from the Atlantic Monthly discussing Shakespeare on Britannica.com.

PBS TeacherSource
An article on teaching Julius Caesar from PBS Online.

Shakespeare in Cyberspace
A nice site with some information on a few of the major plays and a good section called "Brainstorm" that could help with ideas for term papers. However, the site does not appear to be actively updated.

Measure for Measure
A great site devoted to Measure for Measure, with the full text, reviews, and essays.

An Early Modern English Theatre-History Terminology
"Word-entries from monolingual hard-word glossaries and bilingual dictionaries in Renaissance England give first-hand testimony from Shakespeare's contemporaries about how he and others at that time used theatrical terms: for this reason these entries contribute to theatre history."

Nobility in Shakespeare's Plays
Some general information on the feudal system of government during Shakespeare's life, and the kings, queens, dukes, earls, and counts in his plays.

Shakespirit.com
Unique and affordable gifts for Shakespeare enthusiasts.

Venus and Adonis at the White Hart Inn, St. Albans
"Here is the only contemporary painting in the world of a SHAKESPEARE work". The creators of this site use the painting to further the notion that Bacon wrote Shakespeare's works.

Backstage with the Bard
An online journal of a local high school's production of "Midsummer Night's Dream" -- full of stories and pictures of the production.

Plays of Uncertain Authorship Attributed to Shakespeare. § 1. Classification of extant Plays
A discussion of the plays in the Shakespearean apocrypha.

Fooles and Fricassees: Food in Shakespeare's England
What did Shakespeare and his friends eat? You'll find out in this delightful article.

Bookface.com
"Think of us as an online book cafe where you can take the titles off the shelf and leaf through them at your convenience." You will find a growing list of Shakespeare titles to choose from.


Illustrated Shakespeare
Designs From Fancy": George Romney's Shakespearean Drawings
Shakespeare interpreted by one of the greatest English artists of the late eighteenth century.

Seeing What Shakespeare Means
A collection of images that "illuminate Shakespeare's text" - particularly King Lear and Othello.

Boydell Shakespeare Gallery
Samples from John and Josiah Boydell's original folio engravings. Boydell was the primary leader in the English school of Engraving in the late 1700's and these "Shakespeare engravings were, and continue to be, the greatest works of engraving ever done as it relates to the scenes from Shakespeare".

Shakespeare Images
This site has all kinds of pictures related to Shakespeare, including his birthplace, and sketches of actors playing some major Shakespearean roles.

Images of the Elizabethan Theatre
A growing library of images relating to Elizabethan/Jacobean Theatre in general, and Shakespeare in particular.

Renaissance Studies: Image Gallery
A large collection of pictures representing court culture, rural pleasures and labors, and more.

Athena, Ophelia Pages
A beautiful set of images of Ophelia as seen throughout the centuries.

Shakespearean Landmarks
A few pictures of places related to Shakespeare's life, mostly in Stratford.

Shakespeare Illustrated
A wonderful collection of paintings corresponding to Shakespeare's plays. Great if you are looking for costume ideas.

Images of Falstaff
Images of Falstaff, Shakespeare's greatest comedic character.

William Shakespeare
This site takes quite a while to download, but it has many pictures related to Shakespeare's life and times, including pictures of his home in Stratford, fellow actors, and Shakespeare's final signature.

Christian Border Designs
Not exactly related to Shakespeare, but this site has a wonderful collection of clip art. The beautiful book that I use on my home page comes from this site.



Sources

Sources and Analogues for Julius Caesar
Several texts that Shakespeare used in the creation of Julius Caesar.

The Comparison of Dion and Brutus
Another source for Shakespeare Julius Caesar.

Antony and Cleopatra

Caesar
An important source for Antony and Cleopatra.

Plutarch's Antony
Shakespeare used Plutarch's Antony as one of his sources for Antony and Cleopatra.

Daniel's Cleopatra
Along with Plutarch's Antony, Daniel's Cleopatra was a source for Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra. Here you will find excerpts from Daniel's work.

Coriolanus

Plutarch's Coriolanus
Shakespeare primary source for Coriolanus, translated by John Dryden.

Hamlet

The Danish History, Books I-IX
The Danish History, Books I-IX, by Saxo Grammaticus ("Saxo the Learned") of late 12th - early 13th Century A.D. is the primary source for Hamlet

Macbeth

Holinshed's Chronicles (1577)
Holinshed is the major source for all of Shakespeare's history plays and Macbeth. This link will take you to some woodcuts and excerpts from "The Historie of Scotlande" by Holinshed.

EDWARD HALL. The Union of the two noble and illustre famelies of Lancastre and Yorke. 1548
An excerpt from this important source for many of Shakespeare's plays.

Scotorum Historiae
Another important source for Macbeth, is the Scotorum Historiae. No copy is available on the web (as far as I know), but this link will take you to some good information on its author, Hector Boece.

Reginald Scot on Alchemy
Scot's Discovery of Witchcraft was a secondary source that Shakespeare used in constructing Macbeth.

Daemonologie
Daemonologie, written in 1599 by King James I, was a source for Shakespeare three witches in Macbeth. This site has some good information on the text.

The Plays of Seneca
Seneca was an important influence on Shakespeare and, although no direct similarities to the work of Seneca can be seen in Macbeth, the overall atmosphere of the play and the depiction of Lady Macbeth can be attributed to the Latin author. Be warned, this site has the works in Latin.

Othello

Otello
The main source for Othello was a novella call the Hecatommithi, written in 1565 by the Italian author, Cinthio. This site has a portion of the text that pertains to Shakespeare's play.

Plinii Secundi Opera
Another minor source Shakespeare could have used is Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia, translated in 1601 by Philemon Holland. Othello's descriptions of his conquests in Act 1, scene 3 may have come from Pliny's work. This site provides the work in Latin.

Timon of Athens

Life of Antonius
Life of Antonius, by the philosopher Plutarch, was one of the sources for Timon of Athens.

Titus Andronicus

Ovid Metamorphoses 6.412
This is the section of Ovid's work that Shakespeare used in constructing Titus Andronicus.

King Lear

A Mirovr for Magistrates (1610)
A Mirror for Magistrates was an important source for Shakespeare's plays, including King Lear.

The Faerie Queene
A source for King Lear, particularly Book. II, Canto X.

All's Well That Ends Well

Decameron Web
The primary source of All's Well That Ends Well is The Decameron, (ninth novel, third day), written by Giovanni Boccaccio in 1353.

Comedy of Errors

Plautus Menaechmi prol. 1
The plot of Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors was taken from the play The Menaechmi, written by the ancient Roman dramatist, Plautus.

Gesta Romanorum
The source for the sub-plot with Egeon and his quest to find his sons.

Confessio Amantis
Another possible source for the sub-plot in The COmedy of Errors

Pericles

Apollonius of Tyre: A Hypertext Edition
In constructing Pericles, Shakespeare relied upon Apollonius of Tyre, an ancient tale, lost forever in its original Greek, translated into Latin around the 5th century, into Old English in the 11th century, and into English by John Gower in the late 14th century.

Arcadia
A minor source of Shakespeare's Pericles, possibly the reason why Shakespeare changed his hero's name from Apollonius to Pericles.

The Merchant of Venice

Christopher Marlowe Jew of Malta
Shakespeare could have consulted this text in his construction of The Merchant of Venice.

A Midsummer Night's Dream

The Canterbury Tales
Chaucer's text was a source for some of Shakespeare's plays. The Knight's tale, in particular, was a source of A Midsummer Night's Dream.

The Winter's Tale

Background on Robert Greene
Shakespeare's primary source for The Winter's Tale was Pandosto, an extremely popular novel written by Robert Greene in 1588. Click here to learn more about Greene.

Cymbeline

Holinshed's Chronicles
Shakespeare used Holinshed's Chronicles for the setting of the play and the name of the main character, Cymbeline.

The Decameron
The source for the main plot of Cymbeline.

The Two Gentlemen of Verona

The Decameron
A secondary source for The Two Gentlemen of Verona is the story of Titus and Gisippus in The Decameron.

1 Henry IV

Holinshed's Chronicles
Shakespeare relied heavily upon Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1587).

The Civil Wars Between the Two Houses of York and Lancaster
Shakespeare also used this epic poem by Samuel Daniel as a source for 1 Henry IV.

The Prince
The doctrine of Machiavelli provides the framework for the play's philosophy.

2 Henry IV

Holinshed's Chronicles
Holinshed's Chronicles is the primary text used in the construction of 2 Henry IV.

The Civil Wars Between the Two Houses of York and Lancaster
Shakespeare used Daniel's epic poem for both plays about the reign of King Henry IV.

Henry V

Holinshed's Chronicles
Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles (Henry V) was Shakespeare's primary source for the historical events described in Henry V.

Henrici Quinti Angliae Regis Gesta
The was the first account of Henry's life, written while Henry V was still on the throne.



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