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MacbethPlease see the bottom of the page for full explanatory notes and helpful resources.
Next: Macbeth, Act 3, Scene 1 ______ Explanatory Notes for Act 2, Scene 4 From Macbeth. Ed. Thomas Marc Parrott. New York: American Book Co. (Line numbers have been altered.) _____ This scene serves as a link to connect what has gone before with the next act. It probably takes place in the late morning of the day following the murder of Duncan. The dialogue between Ross and the old man renews our feeling of horror at the deed. Macduff's brief report of the decision of the council of nobles as to the agents and instigators of the murder, and of the election of Macbeth, puts us in possession of the necessary facts, and his refusal to attend the coronation strengthens our feeling that he is entering into an attitude of marked opposition to the new king. 4. Hath trifled former knowings, hath made my former experiences seem mere trifles. 5, 6. heavens ... act ... stage. These words are drawn from the vocabulary of the Elizabethan theatre. The "heavens" were the hangings with which the stage was draped. When a tragedy was to be performed, these hangings were black. "Act" means "performance." 8. the travelling lamp, the sun. 9, 10. It's night's ... entomb. Has night got the better of the sun, or is day ashamed to look upon the deed that darkness still buries the earth as in a tomb? 14. towering in her pride of place, soaring at her highest point before swooping on her prey. 17. minions of their race, the best of their class. 21. eat, the past tense of the verb. This portent, along with the foregoing story of the owl and the falcon, and the prolonged eclipse, was taken by Shakespeare direct from Holinshed. He uses them to show how nature itself seemed to reflect the murder of Duncan in startling and unnatural phenomena. 24. How goes the world, sir, now? What is the latest news? Ross appears to have been absent from the council of the peers held after the close of the preceding scene. Macduff answers him very curtly; he is evidently deeply dissatisfied with what has been done. 28. Macduff does not believe this; he is simply giving Ross the official, accepted report of the king's death. 29. What good, etc. What benefit could they intend to derive for themselves from the murder? 36. Thriftless ambition. Ross is referring to the supposed ambition of the princes which led them to kill their father. It was "thriftless," i.e, "wasteful," because it destroyed that by which it lived and so defeated its own end. Instead of gaining anything by their father's death, the princes have had to fly the land. Note that Ross accepts without question the official view of the king's death. 37. A line of four feet. 39. named. At the council of the peers Macbeth, as the next of kin to Duncan in the absence of the princes, was naturally chosen king. 39. Scone, an ancient royal city in Scotland, near the present town of Perth. It contained the ancient throne, inclosing the stone which Jacob used for his pillow (Genesis, xxviii. II), on which the Scottish kings were crowned. When Edward I overran Scotland he took this throne to England, and it is now used in the coronation of English sovereigns in Westminster Abbey. 42. Colme-kill, Iona, an island off the west coast of Scotland. St. Columba, who converted Scotland to Christianity, founded a monastery here from which the name in the text was derived. Colme-kill means Columba's cell. Owing to the high reputation of this monastery for holiness, its precincts became a favourite burial place for Scottish kings. Altogether, forty-eight kings are said to be buried there. It is interesting to note that the historical Macbeth, as well as Duncan, was interred in this cemetery. 46. Fife, a county on the east coast of Scotland, ruled over by Macduff. A ruined castle on the shore of Fife is still called Macduff's Castle. 49. This clause depends upon "adieu" in the preceding line. Macduff bids Ross farewell since things may turn out badly for them under the new king and they may not meet again. 51, 52. God's benison. The old man blesses Ross as a well-meaning person who will try to make the best of things and reconcile adversaries. ________ How to cite the explanatory notes:________ More Resources  The Chronology of Shakespeare's Plays
Establishing the Order of the Plays How Many Plays Did Shakespeare Write? Shakespeare Timeline Shakespeare's Reputation in Elizabethan England Words Shakespeare Invented Quotations About William Shakespeare Portraits of Shakespeare Shakespeare's Boss: The Master of Revels Top 10 Shakespeare Plays Shakespeare's Metaphors and Similes Shakespeare's Blank Verse Shakespeare Timeline Edward Alleyn (Actor) What is Tragic Irony? Characteristics of Elizabethan Tragedy
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More to Explore Macbeth: The Complete Play with Commentary The Metre of Macbeth: Blank Verse and Rhymed Lines Macbeth Character Introduction Metaphors in Macbeth (Biblical) Figures of Speech in Macbeth Dramatic Irony in Macbeth Elizabethan Use of Mummified Flesh Three Apparitions in Macbeth Supernatural Soliciting in Shakespeare Knocking at the Gate in Macbeth Macbeth, Duncan and Shakespeare's Changes King James I and Shakespeare's Sources for Macbeth Contemporary References to King James I in Macbeth The Royal Patent that Changed Shakespeare's Life Soliloquy Analysis: If it were done when 'tis done (1.7.1-29) Soliloquy Analysis: Is this a dagger (2.1.33-61) Soliloquy Analysis: To be thus is nothing (3.1.47-71) Soliloquy Analysis: She should have died hereafter (5.5.17-28) Explanatory Notes for Lady Macbeth's Soliloquy (1.5) The Psychoanalysis of Lady Macbeth (Sleepwalking Scene) Is Lady Macbeth's Swoon Real?
Explanatory Notes for the Witches' Chants (4.1) Macbeth Plot Summary (Acts 1 and 2) Macbeth Plot Summary (Acts 3, 4 and 5) How to Stage a Production of Macbeth (Scene Suggestions) A Comparison of Macbeth and Hamlet The Effect of Lady Macbeth's Death on Macbeth The Curse of Macbeth Shakespeare's Sources for Macbeth Macbeth Q & A Essay Topics on Macbeth Aesthetic Examination Questions on Macbeth What is Tragic Irony? Stages of Plot Development in Macbeth Time Analysis of the Action in Macbeth Macbeth Study Quiz (with detailed answers) Quotations from Macbeth (Full) Top 10 Quotations from Macbeth Crafting a Sympathetic Macbeth The Moral Character of Macbeth Origin of the Weird Sisters Temptation, Sin, Retribution: Lecture Notes on Macbeth Untie the winds: Exploring the Witches' Control Over Nature Shakespeare on Omens
Characteristics of Elizabethan Tragedy
Why Shakespeare is so Important Shakespeare's Language Shakespeare's Influence on Other Writers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
It should be noted that, for Act II, scene iv, Shakespeare extracted three of the four omens associated with King Duffe's murder from the Chronicles, and applied them to the murder of Duncan, for great dramatic effect. A divinely appointed monarch has been assassinated, and it is a calamity of such epic proportion that even the workings of nature are disrupted. This is reminiscent of the events following the death of Christ:
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